4-Day Local Cuisine and Sightseeing Adventure in Kerala with Friends
Kerala, India
4 days
![South Indian women in white saree decorating floor with flowers to celebrate Onam South Indian women in white saree decorating floor with flowers to celebrate Onam](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photose/location/as/in/kerala/13aad371d8a0b5f3cc4bffa89e410d2b.jpeg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
![Napier Museum, Trivandrum Napier Museum, Trivandrum](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photose/location/as/in/kerala/df31839b6418ca6a2314ab6fe4944f5f.jpeg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
![Rice Kheer Indian Sweet Payesh Rice Kheer Indian Sweet Payesh](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photose/location/as/in/kerala/6744a71795535a9e8d81d8d3016274a6.jpeg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
![Elephant family in wild nature walking near the forest Elephant family in wild nature walking near the forest](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photose/location/as/in/kerala/22b849994bf1e6a7b81aebf6def9b396.jpeg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
![Most beautiful place of india Most beautiful place of india](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photose/location/as/in/kerala/7df5353c2f04da6181a53850e94d8de9.jpeg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
About Kerala, India
Experience the enchanting beauty of Kerala, India, often referred to as "God's Own Country". This tropical paradise offers a harmonious blend of cultural, historical, and natural wonders. Explore the serene backwaters on a traditional houseboat, walk through the aromatic spice plantations, and witness the majestic elephants in Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary. Immerse yourself in the rich heritage by witnessing the Kathakali performances and visiting the ancient temples. Relax on the pristine beaches of Kovalam and Varkala, or rejuvenate with authentic Ayurvedic treatments. Indulge in the unique flavors of Kerala cuisine, featuring seafood and coconut-rich dishes. Kerala's warm hospitality and diverse landscapes make it a must-visit destination for any traveler.
4-Day Itinerary
Day 2
Tea Gardens and Wildlife of Munnar
Morning
Start your day with a visit to the beautiful Tea gardens of Munnar. Take a guided tour of a tea factory to learn about the tea-making process and enjoy a fresh cup of tea.
Lunch
For lunch, enjoy a picnic amidst the tea gardens. Pack a lunch of local Kerala dishes like Beef Fry, Malabar Parotta, and Kerala Biryani.
Afternoon
Spend the afternoon exploring the Eravikulam National Park, home to the endangered Nilgiri Tahr. Enjoy the stunning views of the Western Ghats and the lush greenery.
Dinner
For dinner, enjoy a traditional Kerala meal with dishes like Kappa and Fish Curry, Chicken Stew and Appam, and a variety of Payasams for dessert.
Evening
End your day with a leisurely stroll through the local markets of Munnar, where you can shop for spices, tea, and local handicrafts.
Day 3
Backwater Cruise and Village Life in Alleppey
Morning
Start your day with a boat ride on the serene backwaters of Alleppey. Enjoy the beautiful views of the lush green paddy fields, coconut groves, and quaint villages along the banks.
Lunch
For lunch, enjoy a meal on a houseboat. The menu includes local dishes like Duck Roast, Prawns Fry, and a variety of rice and curry dishes.
Afternoon
Spend the afternoon exploring the local villages along the backwaters. Learn about the local way of life, visit the coir-making units, and interact with the friendly locals.
Dinner
For dinner, enjoy a meal under the stars on the deck of your houseboat. The menu includes local dishes like Meen Pollichathu, Kerala Chicken Curry, and Palada Payasam.
Evening
End your day with a relaxing evening on the houseboat, enjoying the cool breeze and the soothing sounds of the backwaters.
Day 4
Temples, Museums, and Beaches of Trivandrum
Morning
Start your day with a visit to the Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Trivandrum, one of the richest temples in the world. Admire the intricate carvings and the blend of Kerala and Dravidian styles of architecture.
Lunch
For lunch, enjoy a traditional Kerala meal at a local restaurant. The menu includes dishes like Kerala Sadya, Fish Moilee, and Beef Fry.
Afternoon
Spend the afternoon exploring the Napier Museum, which houses a collection of artifacts and historical items. Then, visit the Trivandrum Zoo, one of the oldest in India.
Dinner
For dinner, enjoy a meal at a local restaurant. The menu includes dishes like Thalassery Biryani, Kozhikode Chicken Curry, and Pazham Pori.
Evening
End your day with a visit to the Shankumugham Beach. Enjoy the cool breeze, the sound of the waves, and the beautiful sunset.
Attractions in Itinerary (10)
![Fort Kochi](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/attraction/as/in/kerala/fo/fort-kochi-o1705314055407-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
1Fort Kochi
Fort Kochi is a region in the city of Kochi known for its Dutch, Portuguese, and British colonial architecture.
![St. Francis Church](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/attraction/as/in/kerala/st/st.francischurch-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
2St. Francis Church
Known as the oldest European church in India, St. Francis Church holds great historical significance. It's also the original burial site of the famous explorer Vasco da Gama.
![Chinese Fishing Nets](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/attraction/as/in/kerala/ch/chinese-fishing-nets-o1705320941043-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
3Chinese Fishing Nets
These are unique fishing nets that are a symbol of the rich cultural exchange between China and India.
![Tea gardens of Munnar](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/attraction/as/in/kerala/te/teagardensofmunnar-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
4Tea gardens of Munnar
The Tea Gardens of Munnar are a sight to behold. The lush greenery of the tea plantations, set against the backdrop of rolling hills, provides a picturesque landscape that's perfect for photography.
![Eravikulam National Park](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/attraction/as/in/kerala/er/eravikulam-national-park-o1705321031881-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
5Eravikulam National Park
Eravikulam National Park is a sanctuary for the endangered Nilgiri Tahr, and offers stunning natural beauty.
![Padmanabhaswamy Temple](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/attraction/as/in/kerala/pa/padmanabhaswamy-temple-o1705316059991-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
6Padmanabhaswamy Temple
The Padmanabhaswamy Temple is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu. It's known for its architectural grandeur and spiritual significance.
![Napier Museum](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/attraction/as/in/kerala/na/napiermuseum-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
7Napier Museum
The Napier Museum is a well-known art and natural history museum. It houses a vast collection of archaeological and historic artifacts, bronze idols, ancient ornaments, and a temple chariot.
![Trivandrum Zoo](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/attraction/as/in/kerala/tr/trivandrumzoo-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
8Trivandrum Zoo
One of the oldest zoos in India, Trivandrum Zoo houses a wide variety of animals, birds, and reptiles in large, lush enclosures.
![Shankumugham Beach](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/attraction/as/in/kerala/sh/shankumugham-beach-o1705321248340-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
9Shankumugham Beach
Shankumugham Beach is a popular beach in Thiruvananthapuram. It's known for its beautiful sunsets, the large mermaid sculpture called 'Matsya Kanyaka', and the nearby restaurants serving fresh seafood.
![Alleppey Backwaters](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/attraction/as/in/kerala/al/alleppeybackwaters-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
10Alleppey Backwaters
The backwaters of Alleppey are a network of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast.
Local Food and Drinks (12)
![Sadya](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/sa/sadya-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Sadya
A traditional vegetarian feast of Kerala, Sadya is served on a banana leaf and includes a variety of dishes like sambar, avial, pachadi, and payasam. It is a must-try for its unique flavors and is especially popular during festivals.
![Puttu and Kadala Curry](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/pu/puttuandkadalacurry-o1695194376700-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Puttu and Kadala Curry
A staple breakfast dish in Kerala, Puttu is a cylindrical steamed rice cake cooked with coconut shavings, which is served with Kadala curry, a spicy chickpea curry.
![Appam with Stew](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/ap/appamwithstew-o1695194427919-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Appam with Stew
Appam is a type of pancake made with fermented rice batter and coconut milk. It's often served with stew, a creamy, mildly spiced curry made with vegetables or meat.
![Malabar Biryani](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/ma/malabarbiryani-o1695194471639-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Malabar Biryani
A flavorful and aromatic dish, Malabar Biryani is a type of biryani from the Malabar region of Kerala. It is made with basmati rice, meat, and a blend of spices.
![Kerala Prawn Curry](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/ke/keralaprawncurry-o1695196567009-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Kerala Prawn Curry
A spicy and tangy dish, Kerala Prawn Curry is made with prawns cooked in a coconut milk gravy with a blend of spices. It's a must-try for seafood lovers.
![Karimeen Pollichathu](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/ka/karimeen-pollichathu-o1705309151365-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Karimeen Pollichathu
Karimeen Pollichathu is a traditional Kerala dish where the Pearl Spot fish is marinated with spices, wrapped in a banana leaf, and then grilled or baked.
![Beef Fry](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/be/beef-fry-o1705313410184-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Beef Fry
A popular non-vegetarian dish in Kerala, Beef Fry is made with beef pieces marinated in a mix of spices and then fried until crispy.
![Palada Payasam](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/pa/paladapayasam-o1695194311420-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Palada Payasam
A traditional dessert of Kerala, Palada Payasam is a sweet dish made with rice ada, milk, sugar, and ghee. It's often served during festivals and special occasions.
![Banana Fritters](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/ba/banana-fritters-o1705313374824-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Banana Fritters
Known as Pazham Pori in Kerala, Banana Fritters are a popular snack made with ripe bananas coated in a flour batter and then deep-fried.
![Toddy](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/to/toddy-o1705313347405-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Toddy
Toddy, also known as Kallu, is a local alcoholic beverage made from the sap of palm trees. It's a traditional drink of Kerala and is often consumed with spicy dishes.
![Sambharam](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/sa/sambharam-o1695197170266-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Sambharam
Sambharam, also known as spiced buttermilk, is a refreshing drink made with yogurt, water, and spices. It's a popular summer drink in Kerala.
![Chai](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/local-food/as/in/kerala/ch/chai-o1695197223766-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Chai
Chai is a popular Indian tea made with milk, tea leaves, and a blend of spices. It's a staple beverage in Kerala and is often served with snacks.
Best time to visit
The best time to visit Kerala, India is during the cooler, dry months from September to March. During this period, the weather is pleasant and ideal for sightseeing, beach visits, and exploring the beautiful landscapes of Kerala. The monsoon season from June to August is also a great time to visit if you enjoy the rain and want to experience the lush greenery of the region. However, it's worth noting that some activities may be limited during this period due to the heavy rainfall.
National holidays
Here you can find the national calendar of all public holidays for the year. These dates are subject to change as official changes are announced, so check back regularly for updates.
Date | Day | Holiday Name |
---|---|---|
January 13 | Sat | Lohri |
January 26 | Fri | Republic Day |
March 25 | Mon | Dolyatra |
March 25 | Mon | Holi |
March 29 | Fri | Good Friday |
April 11 | Thu | Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar |
April 17 | Wed | Rama Navami |
April 21 | Sun | Mahavir Jayanti |
May 23 | Thu | Buddha Purnima/Vesak |
June 17 | Mon | Bakrid/Eid ul-Adha |
July 17 | Wed | Muharram/Ashura |
August 15 | Thu | Independence Day |
August 26 | Mon | Janmashtami |
September 16 | Mon | Milad un-Nabi/Id-e-Milad |
October 2 | Wed | Mahatma Gandhi Jayanti |
October 12 | Sat | Dussehra |
October 31 | Thu | Diwali/Deepavali |
November 15 | Fri | Guru Nanak Jayanti |
December 25 | Wed | Christmas |
How to get around
Air Travel
Kerala has four international airports: Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, Cochin International Airport, Kozhikode International Airport, and Kannur International Airport. These airports connect Kerala with major cities in India and abroad.
Train
Kerala has a well-connected railway network that links it with all major cities in India. Some of the major railway stations in Kerala are Thiruvananthapuram Central, Ernakulam Junction, and Kozhikode.
Road
Kerala has a good network of roads and highways connecting all major cities and towns. Buses, both government and private, are the most common mode of road transport. There are also numerous taxi services available.
Auto Rickshaw
Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transport for short distances within cities and towns in Kerala. They are three-wheeled vehicles that can accommodate up to three passengers.
Boat/Ferry
Kerala is known for its beautiful backwaters, and boats and ferries are a common mode of transport in these areas. The state-run Kerala State Water Transport Department operates boat services in the backwaters.
Ridesharing
Ridesharing services like Uber and Ola are available in major cities in Kerala. These services offer a convenient way to travel around the city, and can be booked using their respective mobile apps.
Bicycle
In some tourist areas, bicycles are available for rent. This is an eco-friendly way to explore the local sights at your own pace.
Foot
Walking is a great way to explore the local markets, beaches, and other attractions in Kerala. Many cities and towns in Kerala are pedestrian-friendly.
Motorcycle/Scooter Rental
In some tourist areas and cities, motorcycles and scooters are available for rent. This provides a flexible and convenient way to explore at your own pace.
Important information
Currency₹ INR
Time zoneUTC+5.5
Driving sideLeft
Emergency phoneAmbulance: 102; Fire: 101; Police: 100, 103 (traffic accident)
Drinking waterOpt for bottled water
Power sockets
Voltage230 V
Things to know about Kerala, India as a first time visitor
1
Kerala has a tropical climate, so pack light cotton clothes.
2
The official language is Malayalam, but English is widely spoken and understood.
3
The currency used is the Indian Rupee (INR). Credit cards are accepted in most places, but it's good to carry some cash for smaller vendors.
4
Kerala is known for its Ayurvedic treatments. Try to experience an Ayurvedic massage or treatment.
5
Kerala cuisine is rich in spices. Be prepared for spicy food, but you can always ask for less spicy options.
6
Always drink bottled water to avoid any health issues.
7
Public display of affection is not appreciated in Kerala, like most parts of India.
8
Kerala is a relatively safe place to travel, but it's always good to be cautious of your belongings.
9
Tipping is not mandatory but appreciated. A tip of 10% is usually acceptable in restaurants.
10
Kerala has a good network of public transport including buses, auto-rickshaws, and taxis. You can also hire a car for a more comfortable journey.
11
Always respect local customs and traditions. Kerala has a rich cultural heritage.
12
Monsoon season in Kerala is from June to August and can be very heavy. If you're not a fan of rain, avoid these months.
13
The average temperature in Kerala ranges from 77°F to 95°F (25°C to 35°C).
14
Kerala has strict laws against littering. Always dispose of your waste properly.
15
Bargaining is common in local markets. Don't hesitate to negotiate the price.
16
Kerala is known for its tea and spice plantations. Buying these as souvenirs is a good idea.
17
Always ask for permission before taking photographs of people or private property.
18
Kerala has a strong tradition of arts and crafts. Try to attend a Kathakali performance or visit a local craft workshop.
19
Kerala is a major hub for yoga and meditation. Participating in a session can be a unique experience.
20
Kerala has a diverse wildlife. If you're interested, plan a visit to one of the many wildlife sanctuaries.
Basic Malayalam to know as a first time visitor
English phrase | Native phrase | Pronunciation | When to use it |
---|---|---|---|
Hello | Namaskaram | Nam-ask-kar-am | Greeting someone |
Goodbye | Vida | Vee-da | Leaving or saying goodbye |
Thank you | Nanni | Nan-nee | Expressing gratitude |
Please | Dayavu cheythu | Daya-vu chey-thu | Making a request |
Yes | Athe | Aa-the | Agreeing with someone |
No | Alla | Al-la | Disagreeing with someone |
Excuse me | Kshamiṣṣikkaṇam | Ksha-mish-shi-kanam | Getting attention/ apologizing |
I'm sorry | Enikku kshamikkoo | E-nik-ku ksha-mi-kko | Apologizing |
I don't understand | Enikku manassilayilla | E-nik-ku mana-ssil-ayi-lla | When you don't understand what was said |
Do you speak English? | Ningal English samsarikkumo? | Nin-gal English sam-sari-kku-mo | Asking if someone speaks English |
How much is this? | Ithu ethra? | I-thu e-thra | Asking for the price |
Where is the bathroom? | Kakkoos evideya? | Kak-koos e-vi-de-ya | Asking for directions |
I need help | Enikku sahayam venam | E-nik-ku sa-ha-yam ve-nam | When you need help |
Can I get the menu, please? | Menu tharanamo? | Menu tha-ra-na-mo | At a restaurant |
Water | Vellam | Vel-lam | Asking for water |
Food | Bhojanam | Bho-ja-nam | Talking about food |
Good | Nalla | Nal-la | Describing something good |
Bad | Moshiham | Mo-shi-ham | Describing something bad |
I am lost | Enikku vazhi theriyunnilla | E-nik-ku vaz-hi the-ri-yun-nil-la | When you are lost |
Can you help me? | Ningal enne sahayikkumo? | Nin-gal en-ne sa-ha-yik-ku-mo | Asking for help |
Packing List
Clothing
Lightweight clothing
Underwear
Socks
Sleepwear
Swimwear
Rain jacket
Comfortable walking shoes
Sandals
Hat
Sunglasses
Toiletries
Toothbrush and toothpaste
Shampoo and conditioner
Body wash
Deodorant
Razor and shaving cream
Sunscreen
Insect repellent
First-aid kit
Prescription medications
Hand sanitizer
Travel documents and essentials
Passport
Visa
Driver's license
Health insurance card
Travel insurance documents
Hotel and transportation reservation confirmations
Emergency contacts and important addresses
Electronics and gadgets
Smartphone
Charger for smartphone
Power bank
Headphones
Camera
Memory cards for camera
Travel adapter
Miscellaneous items
Travel pillow
Earplugs
Eye mask
Snacks
Water bottle
Books or e-reader for entertainment
Travel guidebook
Umbrella
Reusable shopping bag
Weather Conditions
Kerala, known as "God's Own Country," is a tropical paradise in India that experiences diverse weather conditions throughout the year. The state has three distinct seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. Summer in Kerala starts from February and continues until May. During this period, temperatures can rise up to 95°F (35°C), with the coastal areas being particularly hot and humid. It's advisable to wear light, breathable clothing and stay hydrated. This is a great time to visit the hill stations like Munnar and Wayanad where the weather is cooler. The monsoon season, from June to August and again from October to November, is characterized by heavy rainfall due to the southwest and northeast monsoons. The temperatures during this period range between 77°F (25°C) and 86°F (30°C). If you're planning to visit during the monsoon, be prepared for sudden downpours. Carry waterproof clothing and footwear. Despite the rain, this is a beautiful time to visit as the landscape is lush and green, and it's the perfect time for Ayurvedic treatments. Winter, from December to January, is the most pleasant time to visit Kerala. The weather is cool and comfortable, with temperatures ranging between 68°F (20°C) and 77°F (25°C). This is the best time for sightseeing, beach activities, and wildlife safaris. Carry light woolens as the evenings can get a bit chilly. Regardless of the season, always carry an umbrella or raincoat when visiting Kerala as rain showers are quite common. Also, don't forget to pack sunscreen, hats, and sunglasses to protect yourself from the tropical sun. Remember, Kerala's weather can be unpredictable, so it's always a good idea to check the forecast before your trip. Enjoy your visit to this beautiful state!
Month | Hi / Lo (°C) | Weather Overview |
---|---|---|
January | 32° / 22° | January is a pleasant month in Kerala, with temperatures ranging from 22 to 32 degrees Celsius. It's a great time for sightseeing and outdoor activities. |
February | 33° / 23° | February sees a slight increase in temperature, making it a perfect time for beach activities and wildlife exploration. |
March | 34° / 24° | March marks the beginning of summer in Kerala, with temperatures ranging from 24 to 34 degrees Celsius. It's a good time for water sports and exploring the local culture. |
April | 35° / 25° | April is one of the hottest months in Kerala, but it's also the time for the famous Thrissur Pooram festival. Ensure to stay hydrated and wear light clothes. |
May | 34° / 24° | May experiences pre-monsoon showers, bringing down the temperature a bit. It's a good time to visit hill stations like Munnar and Wayanad. |
June | 32° / 23° | June marks the onset of monsoon in Kerala, with temperatures dropping to a comfortable range. It's a great time to experience the lush green landscapes and Ayurvedic treatments. |
July | 32° / 23° | July continues to experience monsoon showers, making the state look fresh and green. It's a good time for indoor activities and spa treatments. |
August | 32° / 23° | August sees the end of monsoon season, with the state looking its greenest. It's also the time for the famous Onam festival. |
September | 33° / 24° | September marks the beginning of post-monsoon season, with less rainfall and moderate temperatures. It's a good time for sightseeing and exploring the backwaters. |
October | 34° / 24° | October experiences occasional rainfall and the weather starts to get warmer. It's a good time for beach activities and exploring the local markets. |
November | 33° / 23° | November is a pleasant month with less rainfall and comfortable temperatures. It's a great time for outdoor activities and exploring the wildlife. |
December | 32° / 22° | December is a peak tourist season in Kerala, with pleasant weather and lots of festivities. It's a perfect time for sightseeing, beach activities, and exploring the local culture. |
Did you know?
Places near by Kerala, India
![Goa](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/nearby-places/as/in/kerala/go/goa-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Goa
Famous for its beaches, nightlife, and Portuguese architecture.
![Chennai](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/nearby-places/as/in/kerala/ch/chennai-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Chennai
Known for its beaches, temples, and culture.
![Mumbai](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/nearby-places/as/in/kerala/mu/mumbai-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Mumbai
The financial capital of India, known for its fast-paced life, beaches, and Bollywood.
![Hyderabad](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/nearby-places/as/in/kerala/hy/hyderabad-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Hyderabad
Known for its rich history, cuisine, and pearls.
![Delhi](https://img.travelnaut.com/web/db/photos/nearby-places/as/in/kerala/de/delhi-photo.jpg?format=webp&width=3840&quality=75)
Delhi
The capital of India, known for its rich history and diverse culture.